We will present and demonstrate the first PLC only worm. Our PLC worm will scan and compromise Siemens Simatic S7-1200 v1-v3 PLCs without any external support. No PCs or additional hardware is required. The worm is fully self- contained and "lives" only on the PLC. The Siemens Simatic PLCs are managed using a proprietary Siemens protocol. Using this protocol the PLC may be stopped, started and diagnostic information may be read. Futhermore this protocol is used to upload and download user programs to the PLC. The older S7-300 and S7-400 PLCs are supported by several OpenSource solutions supporting the protocols used on these older PLCs. With the introduction of the S7-1200 the protocol has been replaced by a new version. We inspected the protocol based on the S7-1200v3 and implemented the protocol by ourselves. We are now able to install and extract any user program on these PLCs currently sold by Siemens. The current versions S7-1200v4 and S7-1500 again changed the protocol and are not susceptible to the attack.
Based on this work we developed a PLC program which scans a local network for other S7-1200v3 PLCs. Once these are found the program compromises these PLCs by uploading itself to these devices. The already installed user software is not removed and still running on the PLC. Our malware attaches itself to the original software and runs in parallel to the original user program. The operator does not notice any changed behavior. We developed the first PLC only worm. The worm is only written using the programming language SCL and does not need any additional support. For the remote administration of the compromised PLCs we implemented a Command&Control; server. Infected PLCs automatically contact the C&C; server and may be remotely controlled using this connection. Using this connection we can manipulate any physical input or output of the PLC. An additional proxy function enables us to access any additional system using a tunnel. Lastly the Stop mode may be initiated through the C&C; connection requiring a cold restart of the PLC by disconnecting the power supply. We will demonstrate the attack during the talk.
Our worm prevents its detection and analysis. If the operator connects to the PLC using the programming software TIA Portal 11 the operator may notice unnamed additional function blocks. But when accessing these blocks the TIA Portal crashes preventing the forensic analysis. The infection of the PLC takes roughly 10 seconds. While the infection is in progress the PLC is in Stop mode. As soon as the infection has succeeded the PLC undergoes a warm restart and the worm is running additionally to to the original user program. Our worm malware requires 38,5kb RAM and 216,6kb persistent memory. If the PLC does not offer the memory required by the original user software including our worm the worm may overwrite the original user program. Based on the actually used model of the S7-1200 different setups may be required.
Model RAM (Worm) Persistent Memory (Worm) S7-1211 50kb (77%) 1Mb (21%) S7-1212 75kb (51%) 1MB (5 %) S7-1214 100kb (38%) 4MB (5 %) S7-1215 125kb (30%) 4MB (5 %) S7-1217 150kb (25%) 4MB (5 %)
A critical requirement for the execution of a PLC program is the cycle time for one full cycle of the user program. Our malware requires 7ms per cycle. This is just 4.7% of the maximum cycle time configured by default on the PLC models we inspected. The original user program still has plenty of time to run. By default all Siemens Simatic S7-1200v1-v3 PLCs are susceptible to this attack. The PLC user programs may be uploaded and downloaded without any restriction. The Siemens Simatic PLCs support several protection mechanisms. We will explain these mechanisms and their result on the attack.
With the introduction of the S7-1200v4 Siemens introduced again a new protocol. These PLCs are not susceptible to the attack. The built-in copy protection restricts the user program to run only on a subset of PLCs with specific serial numbers. This protection is only implemented within the programming software (Siemens Simatic TIA Portal) used to install the software. We can upload and download user programs using this feature to any PLC using our own implementation. The whole protection is implemented on the client. This is the first time this is publicly shown. The built-in know-how protection forbids modifications of the user program on the PLC and prevents the extraction of the user program from the PLC. Again this protection is implemented only in the programming software (Siemens Simatic TIA Portal). Our own implementation can extract the user program, display the source code, modify the program and reinstall the modified program. This feature does not offer the protection advertised. This is the first time publicly shown. The built-in access protection does prevent the attack we will demonstrate. While we present an attack via the ethernet interface the installation of the user program can also happen using the field bus interface. Using this interface even PLCs not connected to the ethernet network may be compromised. Once the first PLC is infected using the Ethernet all other PLCs connected by the field bus would be compromised as well. This talk emphasizes the significance of the built in protection features in modern PLCs and their correct deployment by the user.
Ralf Spenneberg has used Linux since 1992 and worked as a system administratorsince 1994. During this time, he worked on numerous Windows, Linux, and UNIXsystems. Starting in 1998, he has been working as a freelancer in theLinux/UNIX field. Most of the time he provided Linux/UNIX training. Hisspecialty is network administration and security (firewalling, VPNs, intrusiondetection, forensics). He has published several German books on VPN, IDS,Firewalls, and Mandatory Access Control. His two current companies, OpenSourceTraining and OpenSource Security, offer training and support in the NetworkSecurity field. OpenSource Training was the first Sourcefire AuthorizedTraining Center worldwide. OpenSource Security is providing pentestingservices for governmental and commercial clients.
Maik Brüggemann has a masters degree in Computer Science from the Universityof Applied Sciences Muenster. He works as a software developer and securityengineer at OpenSource Security Ralf Spenneberg. His main interrests areindustrial control systems.
Hendrik Schwartke has a masters degree in Computer Science from the Universityof Applied Sciences Muenster. He works as a software developer at OpenSourceSecurity Ralf Spenneberg. His main interrests are software security andhardware hacking.